1.  Opioid-induced Constipation (OIC) Treatments
   1. Movantik (naloxegol)
      1.  Peripherally acting mu-opioid receptor antagonist in tissues such the gastrointestinal tract
      2.  Treatment of OIC in adult patients with chronic non-cancer pain, including patients with chronic pain related to prior cancer or its treatment who do not require frequent opioid doseage escalation
      3. One 25mg tablet once daily in the morning
   2.  Relistor (methylnaltrexone bromide)
      1.  Peripherally acting mu-opioid receptor antagonist in tissues such the gastrointestinal tract
         1. ​Subcutaneous Injection
            1. ​Treatment of OIC in adult patients with chronic non-cancer pain, including patients with chronic pain related to prior cancer or its treatment who do not require frequent opioid dosage escalation
               1. ​12mg SQ injection once daily
            2. Treatment of OIC in adult patients with advanced illness or pain caused by active cancer who require opioid dosage escalation for palliative care
               1. ​One weight-based dose every other day, as needed
         2. ​Tablets
            1. ​Treatment of OIC in adult patients with chronic non-cancer pain, including patients with chronic pain related to prior cancer or its treatment who do not require frequent opioid dosage escalation
            2. Three 150mg tablets once daily in the morning
   3. Symproic (naldemedine)
      1.  Peripherally acting mu-opioid receptor antagonist in tissues such the gastrointestinal tract with binding affinities for mu-, delta-, and kappa-opioid receptors
      2. ​Treatment of OIC in adult patients with chronic non-cancer pain, including patients with chronic pain related to prior cancer or its treatment who do not require frequent opioid dosage escalation
      3. One 0.2mg tablet once daily
   4. Amitiza (lupiprostone)
      1.  Locally acting chloride channel activator that enchances a chloride-rich intestinal fluid secretion without altering serum sodium or potassium concentration
      2.  ​Treatment of OIC in adult patients with chronic non-cancer pain, including patients with chronic pain related to prior cancer or its treatment who do not require frequent opioid dosage escalation
         1. ​One 24mcg capsule twice daily
      3. Treatment of chronic idiopathic constipation in adults
         1. ​One 24mcg capsule twice daily
      4. Treatment of irritable bowel syndrome constipation in women greater than or equal to 18 years of age
         1. ​One 8mcg capsule twice daily
2. Constipation Treatments
   1.  Linzess (linaclotide)
      1. Guanylate cyclase-C agonist (CG-C) in which linaclotide and its active metabolite bind to GC-C and act on the luminal surface of the intestinal epithelium
      2.  Treatment of irritable bowel syndrome with constipation
         1. One 290mcg capsule daily
      3.  Treatment of chronic idiopathic constipation
         1. ​One 145mcg or one 72mcg capsule once daily, based on tolerability and symptomatic presentation
   2. Psyllium (Metamucil Multihealth Fiber)
      1. Absorbs water into the intesting, increases stool bulk, and reduces consistency
      2.  For relief of occasional constipation: one rounded teaspoon up to 3 times daily (Metamucil power in 8oz liquid)
   3. Docusate sodium (Colace)
      1.  Increases water binding to the intestinal lumen
      2.   For relief of occasional constipation: 1 to 6 50mg capsules or 1 to 3 100mg capsules daily, taken at one time or divided
   4. Polyethylene glycol 3350 (MiraLAX)
      1. Draws water into the intesting, hydrating and softening the stool
      2.   For relief of occasional constipation: 17g once daily (MiraLAX powder in 4-8oz liquid)
   5. Lactulose
      1. Draws water into the intestine, hydrating and softening the stool
      2. Treatment of constipation; increases the number of bowel movements per day and the number of days in which bowel movements occur: 15 to 30mL (1 to 2 tablespoons containg 10 to 20g), may be increased to 60mL as needed
   6. Bisacodyl (Dulcolax)
      1. Reduces absorption of water and electrolyes, thereby directly promoting peristalsis
      2. For temporary relief of occasional constipation and irregularity: 1 to 3 tablets in a single daily dose